95 Things Goats Can Eat and 60 They Cannot

Feeding goats properly is essential to the overall health of the herd, and to the success of any meat goat, dairy goat, or fiber goat homesteading operation.

Goats are ruminant animals, they have four stomach chambers. When they are eating the wrong type of food, too much of the right kind of food, or introduce feed changes too quickly, their rumen gets out of whack, and can cause potentially deadly bloat or other serious medical issues.

To keep the ruminant stomach chamber healthy and fully functional, a goat must eat enough roughage and avoid ingesting too much rich grain feed.

Some goats tend to be more prone to bloat than others, which means a keeper may need to adjust feeding habits slightly and provide more of an administered free choice supplement (baking soda) or keep bloat drenching

Grain

Grain feed should be only a small part – if at all, of the goat’s diet. A goat that consumes too much grain is at increased risk of health issues – like bloat. A quality grain feed is comprised of significant percentages of protein, minerals, and vitamins.

If feeding grain to goats it should account for no more than 10% of their overall daily food intake. Dairy goats are sometimes given more grain than meat and fiber goats in an attempt to enhance milk production.

Sweet mixed that have a high percentage of molasses should only be given (if at all) in incredibly small amounts or to pregnant and nursing nanny goats to give them a calorie boosts.

Hay

A goat should eat between 2 to 4 pounds of hay on a daily basis. This recommended amount varies based upon the maturity of the goat, stature (miniature goats, standard goats), and takes into account the enhanced caloric needs of pregnant or nursing nanny goats.

Goats are browsers and not grazers like horses and cattle. They can garner some if not all of their daily roughage intake while wandering around your homestead eating grass, weeds, brush, leaves, and similar natural items – at least during the warm weather parts of the year.

Even during the winter time goats can browse for a portion of their roughage intake, depending on your climate, and on how much space the herd has to roam and forage for food.

Hay Types

The quality and type of the hay provided to the goat herd matters a great deal from a rumen health and nutrient intake perspective. Suffice it to say that all hay is not created equal.

A leafy legume type hay is recommended for goats. This type of hay is usually comprised of alfalfa, soybeans, vetch, and clover.

Goat kids as well as their nursing mommas typically thrive on a legume style of hay. Mature goats, regardless of type, usually prefer a grass and legume style hay mix to fulfill their dietary needs.

Being a small to medium sized livestock, goats generally will not eat a grass style hay unless it is their only option. Their small mouths are not well equipped to eat such a coarse variety of hay.

Alfalfa Hay

This legume style hay boats a high protein, fiber, vitamin A and calcium percentage. Alfalfa hay is comprised of roughly 15% to 22% crude protein, and 32% crude fiber.

The leafy fiber strands are longer than the ones produced by a grass hay. Goats will ingest approximately 120% more energy from an alfalfa hay that they would from an oat style of hay.

Orchard – This style of hay is lower in protein than alfalfa hay but boasts a higher percentage of fiber. Orchard grass hay is comprised of about 30% crude fiber and 7% of crude protein.

Cereal Grains

A cereal or oat type of hay is lower in protein than either alfalfa or orchard grass hay but is comprised of a higher carbohydrate and fiber percentage.

Goats tend to love this type of hay because it is sweet and is soft enough that they can consume it right down through the stem easily.

A diet of only cereal grain hay would not be good for goats due to its lack of protein content, but mixing some cereal grains into your hayfield or buying hay from someone who does, will be welcomed as a tasty and healthy hay bale treat.

Cereal grain hay is comprised of 9% crude protein, and also has a significant manganeses, zinc, and phosphorus content.

Timothy

This style of hay is a nice mix of essential nutrients, but it also has a lower protein percentage than alfalfa hay. Timothy hay is comprised of approximately 7% crude protein, and 32% crude fiber.

Safe Treats for Goats

Treats should only be given as a training aid or in small amounts on any type of a regular basis.

It can be difficult for some goat owners not to provide too many healthy treats because the goats love them, but too much of a good thing can also cause rumen problems.

Training the goats to stay in their pen, free range on your homestead, or simply to establish trust so the animals run towards and not away from you if injured or trapped in fencing are all great reasons for giving small amounts of healthy treats.

You can plant many of these healthy treats in the goat herd browsing area, or inside their pen as a free choice snack.

But, if you go this route, expect the herd to devour all of the treats quickly – often before the plant matures and produces the produce is yields that they would most enjoy.

95 Things Goats Can Eat

Jojoba	Black Locus
Lemongrass	Poison Oak
Yellow Locus	Poplar Tree Leaves
Wandering Jew Plant	Poison Sumac Vines
Peppers	Lilac Bark
Ginger Root	Mint
Monkey Flower	Roses – entire Bush
Jambolan Leaves	Mullein
Virginia Creeper	Raisins
Greenbrier	Coyote Bush
Sassafras	Douglas Fir
Marshmallow Herb	Strawberries
Spruce Trees	Amaranth
Salvation Jane Plant	Peas – cooked
Elm Tree Leaves and Bark	Jerusalem Artichokes
Blackberry Bushes	Clover
Black Eyed Susan	Cottonwood
Catnip	Bay Leaves
Lavender	Beets
Collard Greens	Pomegranates
Soybeans	Cow Peas
Oranges	Cedar Leaves, Bark, and Needles
Mustard Seed	Yarrow
Daisies	Peaches – after removing pits
Red Clover	Indian Currant
Watercress	Calendula Flowers
Bramble	Corn
Sunflowers	Grapefruit
Garlic – in very small amounts and to help naturally prevent worms	Bananas – some goats prefer only the peels
Plantain	Dill
Kudzu	Camellia Flowers
Arborvitae	Thyme
Fennel	Lemon Balm
Honeysuckle	Rosemary
Turnips	Dandelions
Cauliflower	Cantaloupe
Squash	Mango Leaves
Mustard – spice	Oregano
Sow Thistle	Watermelon
Oats – raw or cooked	Pumpkin
Oak Tree Leaves	Cabbage
Peppermint	Apples
Mesquite	Broccoli – raw or cooked
Unsalted Sunflower Seeds	Celery
Carrots	Pears
Weeping Willow	Raspberry Bushes
Black Raspberry Bushes	Wild Tobacco
Wax Myrtle

60 Things Goats Cannot Eat

Not only are some kitchen scraps or store bought food stuffs not safe for your goats to eat, some naturally growing matter that could be in the browsing area of pen can even be dangerous to deadly.

Elderberry Trees	Maya-Maya
China Berry Trees	Burning Bush
Plum Trees	African Yew
Lilac Flowers	Coriaria Arborea Plant
Red Maple Trees	False Tansy
Brouwer’s Beauty Andromeda	Ficus
Althea	Boxwood
Oleander	Bracken Ferns
Horse Nettle	Chokecherry Trees
Mayapple	Flixweed
Holly	Garden Iris
Japanese Pieris	Water Hemlock
Castor Oil Plant	Cestrum
Lily of the Valley	Morning Glory Flowers
Yew	Cherry Trees
Ponderosa Pine Trees	Laburnum
Poison Hemlock	Potato Weed
Pokeweed	Acorns
Azaleas	Fiddleneck
Mountain Laurel	Ngaio
Fiddleneck	Blue Lupin
Dumb Cane	Iceland Poppy
Nightshade	Kale
Rhubarb Leaves	Calotropis Plant
Datura	Raw Potatoes
Buttercups	Dog Hobble
Avocadoes	English Ivy
Rhododendrons	Fireweed Plant
Foxglove	St. John’s Wort
Japanese Yew	Goat’s Rue

Many newbie goat keepers give salted crackers or bits of bread to their goats. This type of snack is not necessarily deadly, but can lead to significant health problems – especially bloat.

A goat, or any ruminant animal that consumes too much grain will have digestion and gas build up problems.

If you give bread, crackers, or even graham crackers to members of your goat herd, do so as only a special or rare treat, and not a daily or weekly small amount treat.

Never give off treats before the goats have eaten their daily ration of hay. The goats should first have a healthy food that will foster proper rumen function in their bellies, and not gobble down a snack or even grain ration, before their base healthy dietary meal.

Goat Supplements

Some goat supplements should be provided as a free choice “treat” on a daily basis, but others may need to offered only at specific times of the year or when a goat herd member is showing signs of a deficiency or illness.

Baking Soda

Keep baking soda in a small feeder inside the goat pen so it is always available for herd members to munch on.

When a goat is starting to bloat or is bloated, it typically gravitates to the baking soda to help alleviate the increase in gas buildup.

Salt Blocks

Place a salt block on a clean and dry spot to help the goat herd replenish essential vitamins and minerals they lose when expending energy, and especially during the hot summer months.

Mineral Blocks

A mineral block for livestock works basically like a vitamin for human beings. By licking the mineral blocks a goat can help infuse more calcium, potassium, sulfur, copper, sodium, manganese, iron, iodine, and zinc into their system.

Some mineral blocks also contain salt, but not all. Also, sheep mineral blocks do not typically contain copper, which is a superb supplement for goats.

Either buy goat-specific mineral blocks, or read the content label carefully to determine what nutrients the goat herd will ingest when licking the block.

Diatomaceous Earth

This agricultural grade substance can be sprinkled over livestock grain rations or stirred into the grain feed storage tub to be fed as a supplement to the goat herd.

Diatomaceous Earth is a natural toxin remover and deworming agent that may help prevent parasites and bacteria from harming the health of your livestock.

Final Words

The best diet for your goat (or any livestock) is the most natural one you can provide. The closer you can keep to the traditional browsing habits of goats, the better the odds are that the animals will remain healthy.

Never feed your goats hay, grain rations, supplements, or healthy snacks on the ground – especially not inside their pen.

Food that is fed from the ground is far more likely to be subjected to soil bacteria, manure, and any worms that may be present in the goat droppings.